Responding to religious diversity in classrooms Case Study

Responding to religious diversity in classrooms - Case Study Example her customs and norms of different cultures, but one has to be prudent enough to close argumentative statements and believes when the initial signs begin to show. One aim of every class teacher is to make her students a positive and appreciative member of society who can respect and give space to different cultural believes. Therefore awareness of diversity among children is an acceptable notion .Different sessions for students and parents can be held so to spread the awareness about religious diversity. Workshops for parents of the mainstream culture can also be held so they can train their off springs with the understanding of acceptance. Developing a sense of sensitivity in both parent and children can help in a long run to the road of acceptance. A teacher needs to study the background and the profile of the child thoroughly and before planning keeping those distinguishing factors in mind, plan an activity. And if somehow the event calls for the same activity trims and change activity for that specific child who can not perform due to his ideas or

Discuss the relationship between modes of production (foraging, Essay

Discuss the relationship between modes of production (foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture and industry) and gender - Essay Example Some women, therefore, have endured a lot of difficulties and have performed different duties that include fetching water in rivers and dams that are far from their homes. Some take the sole responsibilities to feed the families despite having husbands. Some societies overburden certain gender, for example, with the pastoralists; the young men travel very far to graze the livestock’s while their fathers just stay behind to just rest and sleep at home. O’Hara (278) puts across that women seem to be at bar with men when they share duties with them. In most societies, men’s and women’s duties and responsibilities are strictly defined and one gender can’t undertake the task assigned to the other gender. Women duties are strictly women duties and the same is fair about men’s role. It used to be seen in both America and Europe that it is natural for women to be taking care of homes and caring for the children while men are the breadwinners of the f amily, that is how their cultures define gender roles (Brettell and Sargent 120). With the background of United States and Europe being industrial nations, men perform the difficult task of running the industries. Men are involved in manual activities that include running of the industries (Brettell and Sargent 121). ... Therefore, women were subordinate to women. With such situation, women suffer a lot because, even if their husbands abuse them, they have little options due to their dependency (Brettell and Sargent 120). In these societies of Europe and America that are predominantly agriculturally industrial, there was certain gender inequality; men were paid more for the same job which the woman did. Women also hold positions that are low with men taking the positions of managers and directors within industries. With men dominating having the decision making vote in these industries, they did little to fight for the rights of women. According to Brettell and Sargent (119) in their book titled â€Å"Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective†, in spite of gender inequality such industrial countries have been labeled as the most egalitarian of human societies. Brettell and Sargent (120) break down four reasons for this division of labor: the variability in the supply of game, different skills requi red for hunting and gathering, incompatibility between carrying burdens and hunting, and small size of semi-nomadic foraging populations. According to O’Hara (278), both men and women in foraging societies enjoy equal status because women gathering contribute huge portion of family diet while hunting is sometimes not reliable. The gathering role taken by women helped elevate the status of the women in these societies. But according to Brettell and Sargent (120), in the societies that hunt and fish, the status of women is low. In fact among these societies, the role is not clearly defined according to O’Hara book. There are therefore several instances where women and men hunt and gather together taking the society to a notch higher in

Ecotourism In The Uk Tourism Market Tourism Essay

Ecotourism In The Uk Tourism Market Tourism Essay Introduction In the recent past eco-tourism became more and more attractive for tourists worldwide. This paper gives a definition of eco-tourism and is searching to answer the question why it is not promoted as a major tourism sector of the United Kingdom (UK). The position of eco-tourism and its noticeable lack of promotion within the UK are examined, while the role and potential of ecotourism in the UK is discussed. Definition of ecotourism Based on Fennell (2008), Ecotourism has various meanings but he suggested that five individual objectives have to be set to create ecotourism: Minimal impact management/small scale Nature-based product/low impact Contribution to community Environmental education Contribution to conservation Mc Laren (2003: 91) defined ecotourism as a participatory experience in the natural environment. At its best, ecotravel promotes environmental conservation, international understanding and co-operation, political and economic empowerment of local populations, and cultural preservation. When ecotravel fulfils its mission, it not only has a minimal impact, but the local environment and community actually benefit from the experience and even own or control it. At its worst, ecotravel is environmentally destructive, economically exploitive, culturally insensitive, greenwashed travel. Due to the development of ecotourism, a variety of new destinations have been encountered which have been previously dismissed as isolated and unreachable for tourists. Some examples of this trend could be tropical rainforests, oceans and even desert environments, where the majority are situated in the less-developed areas on the globe. Most of these new destinations are poor and underdeveloped. Timothy and Boyd (2003) explain that ecotourism and heritage tourism overlap, where ecotourism encompasses the natural and protected types of landscape, which include eco-tourists visiting heritage attractions. This could be for instance state houses, castles and national parks . The problem with the term ecotourism is, that any tourist-operator can label and promote its product as ecotourism, because there are disappointingly no restriction that rule the use of it. The term ecotourism may be used inappropriate out of ignorance of the principles and ideals that the term carries, but misuse on purpose as a marketing tool also appears to be very common (Black and Crabtree 2007). Another reference from book Forms of ecotourism in the UK The UK has four national tourist agencies, the English Tourism Council, the National Ireland Tourist Board, VisitScotland and the Wales Tourism Board. These promote each country to international and domestic tourists. The Green Tourism Business Scheme in the UK accredits different places for tourists which are trying to trim down their environmental impact. Every business is getting tested in a 2-year period to ensure they fulfil the criteria (i.e. support of public transport, use of local produce,). (Green Tourism 2009). Ecourism is already getting promoted within the UK. An example could be the ECO-Guide 2010 of the Tourist Information which promotes to people who love to walk in nature how they can reduce their environmental impact. It offers different walks such as some in the Lake District and where you can discover the hill carvings in Oxfordshire. Hall et al (2007) describes the beach as vital national asset for the international and domestic tourism in the UK, and a new Marine and Coastal Access Bill from 2009 made by the UK government was created to secure a long-distance route around the coast of England. The aim was to provide public access for coastal walking and other recreational activities, as well as designate marine conservation zones to protect them from damaging activities (direct.gov.uk). . Various different eco-tourism operators promote destinations which are fulfilling -or partially fulfill the components for ecotourism. Patterson (2007) relates that the growth of the ecotourism market has stimulated the development of eco-operators. An example of this is the growth of seal-watching at spots on the UK coastline. The Wales Tourism Board is offering through operators wildlife adventure boat trips to experience the landscape scenery and see seabirds, seals, whales and dolphins. These are stating on their website that they are acutely aware of their responsibility to the unique eco-system within which they operate and follow the codes of conduct to provide a low impact, educative (visitpembrokeshire.com). The difficulties to generate Ecotourism in UK The problems ecotourism operators are facing when they are looking for a possible destination is that there are not a lot of natural relatively untouched areas left within the UK. Consequently it cant actually satisfy the criteria of low impact and small scale orthodox tourism. There are approximately 62 million people living in the UK and the population density amounts to 659,6 people per square mile , which is the 51st highest rate in the world. Furthermore, the Office for national Statistics predicts that the UK population will increase by 4,3 million by 2018. If that trend continues, in 2033 there will be 71,6million people living in the UK (statistics.gov.uk). Beeton (1998) identified that the main ecotourist group are the 20-40 year old, followed by a second large group, 55 years and older. She indicates that people of this age are seeking for different types of holiday. In addition to that she states that ecotourists tend to be higher educated than other tourists and having a higher incomes, which is generally linked with that. Due to the fact they have a higher income, they have therefore the money to spend it on more expensive and exotic ecotours abroad. In destinations abroad they can full fill their desire to see nature and wildlife which they cant see in the UK. Trends and Potential in the UK Responsible travel has been receiving quite strong coverage in UK travel media. Ecotourism is rising as a considerable market trend in the UK, as wider consumer market trends towards lifestyle marketing and ethical consumption spread to tourism. and places this in the context of campaigns by Voluntary Service Overseas and Tearfund. Between 1999 and 2001 the percentage of UK holidaymakers aspiring to be willing to pay more for an ethical holiday increased by 7 per cent from 45 per cent to 52 per cent (sagepub.com ). There have been many developments in the UK with regard to the adoption of sustainable practices and techniques amongst tourism providers. Case Study: Paradise Wildlife Park, Broxbourne, Hertfordshire Paradise park is a Zoo located in Broxbourne, Hertfordshire and has a passion for wildlife conservation and is involved in various breeding programmes for endangered species. They even managed to rear two White Lion Cubs, of these just a few ones are existing in the world. The Park has recently opened a new Discovery Centre which is committed to educate visitors in their new classrooms. The Park is making constant efforts to become more green and sustainable, it introduced recycling of rubbish throughout the park. Paradise Park became the number one visitor attraction in Hertfordshire if looked at number of visitors, and is providing not just Jobs inside the park, it also contributes to the local community by bringing tourists into the city. (pwpark.com) Conclusion Ecotourism has the characteristics of sustainability, conservation and appreciation of the attraction being visited. Due to the named reasons completely orthodox ecotourism in the UK is unlikely, but if the more passive objectives like natural environment were removed, there is a great potential to generate more ecotourism. These may satisfy all the criterias of other active components (i.e. environmental education, contribution to conservation), even it is a more artificial type of ecotourism. There are many ecotourism activities taking place in the UK but it doesnt get promoted as a major market because not that many ecotourism destinations are existing. The trends reveal that the customer demand is changing to more sustainable types of holiday which offers a great potential to eco-tourist operators to promote and sell more of their tours.

Byzantium versus Western Europe Essay -- Ancient History, Roman Empire

The Eastern part of the Roman Empire held imperial power headed by the city Byzantium later renamed Constantinople after the emperor Constantine (316). It remained the capital until Charlemagne revived the Western Empire (316). Between 324 and 330, â€Å"the Byzantine Empire passed from an early period of expansion and splendor to a time of sustained contradiction and splintering and, finally, catastrophic defeat† (316). The first period; between 324 and 632, of Byzantine history experienced great successes territorially, politically, and culturally (317). Especially, under the reign of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora; both intelligent and tough; even to the extent of being called tyrants by their court historian and biographer (317-18). During their reign, there were more than 1500 cities, Constantinople being the largest filled with great size and splendor (317). Between the fourth and fifth centuries Decurions; councils of 200 local, wealthy, landowners, governed the cities (318). By the sixth century however, the decurion councils were replaced by special governors deemed more reliable by the emperor (318). Justinian also ordered a revision of Roman law and created several compilations with the aid of a committee of learned lawyers (320, 342). The compilations later became the foundation for most European law (320). The first compilation; Code, revised imperial edicts, the second; Novellae, presented the decrees issued by Justinian and his successors, the third; the Digest, compilation of old legal experts’ opinions, and the fourth compilation; the Institutes, a practical textbook for young scholars (320). Still, this strengthening of the empire did not allow him to retrieve the Western imperial lands conquered by barbarians... ...ir religion upon the people (325). Thus, these peoples found refuge in Muslims from Byzantine oppression (325). Muslim conquerors tolerated other religions and offered protection for many peoples (326). Christian Europe developed a lasting fear and suspicion of the Muslims as they were assaulted and challenged by them at all fronts (326) In both the east and west the Muslim invasion was confronted and halted though contact between Muslims and Christians continued (326). Muslims regarded Byzantium â€Å"as a model to learn from and improve upon† (326). Despite the differences between the Christian west and the Muslim world, there was creative interchange between the two (326). Sine the Arabs were more advanced, the West benefited from this interchange most (326). Oftentimes, the Church became an important force for Western Europe through invasions, changes, etc (328).

Internal Controls

Risks surrounding the identified accounts The Audit of TON Ltd has highlighted number of risks. The risks highlighted In the audit are discussed throughout the report. Below is a table of the risks and tests to carry out, based on the five accounts highlighted as being of risk. The common assertion that is common to the five accounts is valuation and allocation. Account Assessment of Risk Substantive audit procedure Accounts Receivable Account Receivable has Increased while sales has decreased.Days In receivables ratio has also Increased considerably. This highlights a high risk of overstatement of the assets. Subsequent assessment of sales receipts, aged receivable trial balance, and follow up on amounts that are overdue. Inquiry with key persons as to how and when overdue balances are classified as bad debts. Current Investments The decrease In current Investments needs Investigating, as well as why It has been Impaired and has the Impairment correctly been done. Review the share c ertificates, to vary they are held, and how many are held. Review the share prices used in the balance to the ASS listed prices. Property Assets Due to the property market being in decline, why hasn't the property in the financial reports not also decreased considerably? There could be an overstatement of property assets. Inquiry on why the directors valued the property the way they did and reasoning for It. External valuation by an expert. Intangible Assets No movement in intangible assets is unusual, particularly considering technology does not have an indefinite life.Overstatement of assets could be in use. Inquiry on why the directors valued the asset they way they did and reasoning for It. External valuation by an expert. Deferred Developmental Expenditure Even though analytical procedures can only be used, deferred development expenditure requires Investigation, due to the more than significant increase. Added to that the information that a competitor has successfully develope d and patented a similar device the future economic benefits from the deferred development expenditure is in question.Is there / could there be an overstatement? Assessment of accounting procedures used to create the deferred development expenditure balance. Inquiry to directors, and experts about the obsolescence of the company's laser development. Expert analysis of the technology. After all analytical procedures have been used to evaluate any risks to the financial reports of TON Ltd a number of risks have been highlighted in other accounts. Although It Is highly unlikely for a business to genuinely manipulate expenses to A) is certainly a major concern for TON Ltd.The operating expenses has also doubled in percentage of total sales (Appendix C). The decrease in inventories whilst also having an increase in accounts receivable is very unusual, mainly due Tao decrease in sales revenue. This highlights that accounts are not being written off to (increase he company's assets), falsi fied sales (increase the company's assets), or even theft of inventory. Business Risk The business risk for TON Ltd has increased from previous years. The primary business risk of concern is the loan agreement placed on the money borrowed to fund research projects.As the agreement with the bank states, that if the company's debt to equity ratio increases to over 1. 2:1. 0 the bank is allowed to demand immediate repayment. The analytical procedure has shown that the debt to equity ratio has increased from 1. 02:1. 0, to 1. 11:1. 0 (Appendix B). This is of great concern to he going concern of the business, and points out that the entities is highly leveraged and may be incapable to meet its debt obligations. Other factors concerning going concern are the other profitability ratios (Appendix B).This risk of going concern can create considerable pressure for the manipulation, falsification or modification of financial records in order to meet the agreement in place. The decline of the p roperty market is also another increased business risk, as one on TON Lad's major activities is investing in the property market. The decrease in the property market ultimately decreases the value of assets in TON Ltd and such presents the risk of overstatement of the value, or understatement of the impairment of the property.This influences the current liquidity ratios, and may be the reason for an increased ratio (Appendix B), when there should be a decline as indicators have presented. This is mainly apparent in the director's valuation of investment properties. (Note 8 of the financial reports). One property has not decreased from the previous year, and one was purchased in the current year. This could be an indication of a fraudulent misstatement. Competitors are another business risk for TON Ltd. One competitor of TON Ltd have developed and patented a device similar to the one in which TON Ltd spent a considerable amount on.This highlights a risk of obsolescence of inventory f or the company and an overstatement of assets as the expenditure hasn't been written off. The reporting of this expense into other non-current assets account has lead to an increase of 1900 percent in the trend statement (Appendix A), and an increase in the percentage of total assets by almost 13% (Appendix C). As with the property, the treatment of expenditure affects the current liquidity ratio, making impasse liquidity look better than it actually is (Appendix B).If the amount was written off, due to it not providing any future economic benefit to the company then it would decrease the assets of the business, and increase the tax liability of the company. The factors highlighted above would have placed pressure on the directors of the company. Considering the directors value certain financial report balances, these balances have a risk of being fraudulently misstated. These accounts are Investments (non-current), Property Plant and Equipment, and Intangible Assets (non- current). As discussed previously, the decline in the property market would indicate a decline to the value of the property held by TON Ltd. However, TON Ltd has not The pressures that might been placed on the directors, may have lead to the directors to not devalue the property. This can also be said for the intangible assets account which contains technologies that's valued by the directors. These technologies have not been impaired which is not normal, considering technology is regularly improving and therefore obsolete in a shorter period than other intangibles. Plant and Equipment also needs be looked at.Although there is no indication of misstatement in this account, in fact it has decreased in the trend and common size statements (Appendix A and C) should be looked into. Appendix A Trend Statement 2013 2012 2011 sales 100% Cost of goods sold 68% 85% 100% Gross profit% 109% 100% other Revenue 100% operating 154% 100% Finance costs 150% 128% 100% profit before Tax 103% 100% Tax Expense 1 03% 100% Net profit 103% 100% 9000 $'000 $'000 cash 139% 100% Trade and other receivables 131% 111% 100% Investments 110% 100% Inventories 110% 107% 100% other% 92% 100% Total current Assets 110% 108% 100% Non Current AssetsInvestments 150% 145% 100% Property, plant & equipment 84% 92% 100% Intangibles 200% 200% 100% otherness% 100% 100% Total Non-current Assets 158% 130% 100% Total Assets 140% 122% 100% Current Liabilities Trade and other payable 104% 118% 100% provosts 59% 100% Total current Liabilities 101% 116% 100% Non Current Liabilities sank Loans 188% 125% 100% provosts 116% 114% 100% Total Non-current Liabilities 179% 124% 100% Total Liabilities 144% 120% 100% Net Assets 135% 123% 100% Equity Share capital 100% 100% 100% Reserve 107% 100% 100% Retained Earnings 190% 163% 100% Total Equity% 123% 100% Appendix BActivity Ratios Receivables Turnover 4. 55 6. 32 Days in Receivables 80 58 Inventory Turnover 2. 19 2. 85 Days in Inventory 166. 53 127. 89 Profitability Ratios Gross profit 0. 32 0. 30 0. 25 Net profit 0. 07 0. 14 0. 13 Return on Total Assets 0. 03 0. 09 0. 11 Return on Shareholders' Equity 0. 07 0. 19 Solvency Ratios 0. 22 Times Interest Earned 0. 63 1. 76 Liquidity Ratios current Ratio 1. 80 1. 54 1. 66 Quick Asset Ratio 0. 90 0. 79 0. 83 Appendix C Common Size Statement $'000 $'000 $'000 sales Revenue 100% 100% 100% 2. 17 Cost of goods sold 68% 70% 75% Gross profit% 25% other Revenue 7% 7% operatingFinance cost 11% 8% 6% profit Before Tax Tax Expense 6% 5% Net profit $'000 $'000 Current Assets cash 0. 15% 0. 25% 0. 22% Trade and other receivables 11. 15% 10. 79% Investments 3. 36% 5. 91% 6. 56% Inventories 14. 80% 16. 45% 18. 75% other. 22% 0. 31% 0. 41% Total current Assets 29. 68% 33. 70% 37. 81% Investments 33. 59% 37. 26% 31. 25% Property, plant & equipment 14. 33% 17. 99% Intangibles 8. 96% 10. 28% 6. 25% 23. 75% Total Non-current Assets 70. 32% 66. 30% 62. 19% Total Assets 100% 100% 100% Trade and other payable 29. 99% 40. 2% 41. 68% pr ovosts 1. 28% 2. 55% 3. 13% Total current Liabilities 31. 6% 43. 27% 44. 81% sank Loans 63. 80% 50. 91% 49. 04% provosts 4. 93% 5. 82% 6. 15% Total Non-Current Liabilities 68. 74% Total Liabilities 100% 100% 100% Net Assets 56. 73% 55. 19% Share capital 23. 65% 25. 94% 31. 88% Reserve 25. 30% 25. 94% 31. 88% Retained Earnings 51. 05% 48. 11% 36. 24% Total Equity% 100% 100% Question 2 – Internal Controls The client of ACT Ltd has stated they have established improvements to their systems surrounding their internal controls.From the information that has been provided by the audit manager containing the new internal controls implemented at ACT Ltd, the allowing table contains a list of the four internal controls that are potentially effective, the risk each one could mitigate, and the appropriate tests of each of the identified controls. Strengths Effective Control Risk Addressed Test of Control l. Documentation which allows the follow up of partially filled orders by the dispat ch department manager. (Preventative control. ) l. Deals with the custody that happens in the sales process, dealing with shipping/delivery in particular.The control helps to prevent the overstatement of sales by accounting for partially filled orders and not listing them as complete orders. It also helps to prevent the understatement of inventory by keeping a correct record of what has actually been dispatched. This deals with the occurrence and completeness assertions Examination of the reconciliation of shipments to invoices Monitor the checking of shipments, or inspect selected shipments, including partially filled shipments Inspection of documentation relating to shipments, and partially filled shipments IV.Computing and updating the customer volume ratings that are used to apply discounts. Provides a segregation of duties by having the ratings calculated by one person, and authorized by another individual. It encourages the right recording of sales, and discounts applied. It a llows discounts to be applied, with accordance to the company's policy. This deals with the accuracy assertion. Select a sample of invoices (with discounts applied to them), and check the evidence that the discount applied can be traced back to the approved list. Check against previous sales totals of the customer VIII.Reviewing of the trade receivables analysis to detect and highlight any accounts that are past 90 days. Allows the financial manager to follow up with the trade receivables clerk, and receive reasoning for the outstanding balances. Detective control) VIII. Deals with accounts receivable and mainly outstanding accounts. The control is in place to allow the detection of any abnormal balances, and bad debts. It encourages the chasing up of debtors before 90 days, the correct assessment of bad debts expense, It also helps to detect any customers that are of concern in these areas. The assertion here is classification. Assessment of outstanding accounts, and make inquiries with key staff about the outstanding amounts, and the chance of payment. Examine against company, and accounting, policy on bad and doubtful debts. X. Chasing up outstanding receivables. Also makes sure that customers do not go over credit limits by putting a hold on / delaying of shipments until a payment is received from the customer. (Preventative control) ‘X. Deals with accounts receivable, bad debts, and sales/ inventory. The control allows for a plan that's been in placed to follow up on any outstanding debts, and or detect bad and doubtful debts.The control is in placed to ensure sales/inventory are not completed and thus shipped to customers who have outstanding accounts that the financial manager is uncomfortable with. It encourages correct credit procedures, chasing up outstanding accounts, and the correct valuation of accounts receivable. An assessment of outstanding accounts, and inquires with key staff about the outstanding amounts, and the chance of payment. Eva luate against company, and accounting, policy on bad and doubtful debts. Review the credit approval process, against customers with outstanding debt.Check against company policy The above table highlighted the potentially effective controls that ACT Ltd has set in place. However though not all of the controls in placed were effective that the Audit Manager's extract has identified, five out of the nine controls that ACT Ltd have in place had some weaknesses. The following section of this report will highlight the five sales and receivables internal controls, and the weaknesses inherent in each one. Weaknesses The first weakness to be highlighted is the weakness of control two, this weaknesses completeness and occurrence.The lack of separation of duties in this control, allows an employee to misappropriate assets. The employee can cover up any misappropriation as they are involved in both the shipping of goods and the good turned whilst without any appropriate supervising or authoriz ing. Another weakness in this control is that the trade receivables clerk is the one individual in charge of all credit notes. Again, by the lack of segregation of duties, allows the employee to cover up falsified actions by having control of both transactions.The weaknesses in control three are related to fraudulent activities, as with errors in the financial report, concerning unintentional mistakes. The IT system is fairly new and is looked after by the sales director and not an IT expert. This weakness can raise the risk of errors in the IT system. The prices of stock are gathered from the selling price master file, and as there is no password protection necessary for access to databases, the selling price master files, and every other file are all subject to inappropriate changes.This allows for any fraudulent activities and as well, honest mistakes dealing with the changing of database files. The most evident weakness in this control is the simple screen check performed by the trade receivables clerk to verify the accuracy of the invoices. A high risk of misstatement can arise, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Some simple controls of passwords, authorization of hangers, authorization and approval of invoices would help to reduce the weaknesses, and thus the risk. Control five has a few weaknesses that allow the risk of fraudulent activities, and segregation of duties.This control entitles the trade receivables clerk, who also creates invoices, to post them the general Journal. As there is not segregation of duties, this can allow the clerk to cover up any fraudulent activities they may be par taking in. Add to this weakness, not only can fraudulent activities be covered up, but unintentional errors may not be highlighted before the sales invoices are posted to the general ledger. Segregation of these duties, posting to the ledger, and/or receiving approval and authorization of the sales invoices and general ledger, can minimize the risk surround ing the weaknesses of control.As stated above, segregation of duties is visibly a weakness in the sales and receivables of ACT Ltd. This weakness also exists in control 6. The trade receivables clerk, who computes all the data for the invoices, is also the same person who accepts the receipts from debtors, compute the payments, prepares the bank deposit slip, and reconciles the trade receivables ledger to the debtors control account in this control. This is plainly raising the risk that the clerk could possibly partake and conceal any fraud during their normal course of duties.Sufficient segregation of duties is very vital to reducing this risk, and therefore reduces the weaknesses highlighted in this control. Control seven's main weakness deals around the controls in the IT system and the controls around the databases. Control seven includes the computer generating an aged analysis at the end of the month, based upon all invoices completed. However with insufficient controls as hig hlighted in control three and our, the information in the report is likely to have errors. The fact that anyone can easily access the database means that the invoices computed can be fraudulently created, deleted or modified.Therefore occurrence and accuracy assertions can plainly be found to be inaccurate. Control seven can only be strengthened if the controls in place, the likely hood of misstatement in this control is only going to carry on. Assessment of Internal Controls As highlighted in the report the new internal controls that are in placed at ACT Ltd have both strengths and weaknesses. As such the reliance on these internal controls fifers in different areas. The strengths outlined above are obviously of less concern then the weaknesses outlined.The controls recognized as effective require more tests of control rather than substantive testing, as they can be relied upon more than the controls that have been recognized with weaknesses. As for the controls with weaknesses, th ey are require to have more substantive testing as the controls cannot be relied upon as much. The strengths highlighted surround delivery and shipping (control 1), the accuracy of discounts applied (control 4), aged trade receivables, allow up of aged trade receivables, and the accuracy of bad and doubtful debt expense (controls 8 and 9).The assertions attributed to these areas can therefore be relied upon more than the other controls. The tests of controls outlined above should be undertaken on these controls identified to ensure that the controls exist and can be relied upon. The controls around these areas can be class as less than high. The weaknesses highlighted concern largely the segregation of duties, and controls around the IT system. These two weaknesses are common across all the weaknesses identified. As such, these controls cannot be relied upon, at least until the management of ACT Ltd correct the weaknesses identified.Therefore the risk assessment of these areas can b e classed as high, and thus require no test of controls, and a greater emphasis on substantive testing. References: Gay, G. E. , & Sentiments, R. (2012). Auditing and assurance services in Australia (5th deed. ). Roseville: McGraw Hill. ACACIA. (2014 or 2013). Auditing and assurance handbook. Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons Australia. Accounts Receivable Account Receivable has increased while sales has decreased. Days in receivables ratio has also increased considerably.This highlights a high risk Current Investments The decrease in current investments needs investigating, as well as why it has been impaired and has the impairment correctly been done. Reasoning for it. External valuation by an expert. For it. Used, deferred development expenditure requires investigation, due to the more obsolescence of the company's laser development.

Do People Learn Who They Are Only When They Are Forced

Abraham Lincoln, one of the greatest leaders in American history who has votes himself entirely into the great reformation of the country, was not as dutiful as in his presidency before he become the leader Of United States. During his early political career, his opinion on controversy of slavery had always been neutral in front of public. Nevertheless, he showed his firmness and fortitude on reforming the social structure of the country after he had won his election. The difference between early and late politic career of Abraham Lincoln perfectly demonstrate that people need external force to achieve a new level in their career.Another person who depicts brand new self after tremendous life change would be Kimberly Ghana, the Chinese girl from â€Å"Girl in Translation†. In the book, the girl and her family have immigrated to the great united States. The cruel reality she was living in made her become strong and brave when facing others who bully and disdain her. Despite all the pressure, she managed to study hard and gained scholarship in new private school. The headmaster admired her resilience and talents. Eventually, the saying â€Å"chance favors only the prepared mind† has proven on Kimberly. Her outstanding academic impressed Yale University.

Ancient Pottery essays

Ancient Pottery essays Clearly Greek pottery was not simply utilitarian but it also reflected the social and cultural values of the artists. Ancient Greek pottery was intended for everyday use but as well as being functional it was often beautifully decorated. Archaeologists rely heavily on pottery as important evidence for reconstructing Greek life. It provides us with important documentation about their culture through painted scenes, especially on Attic Black and Red figure vessels. A large number of these scenes illustrate the myths and legends of the ancient Greeks. Through these we find an interpretation of the stories and a picture of how they viewed their deities. Because of the Artists tendency to label the individual characters in a legend, we are able to sometimes piece together parts of scenes from lost plays or even unusual myths. Evidence for the way in which Greek tragedy and comedy was staged is also available through depicted scenes on the vases. And other decorated pots also provided us w ith valuable information about dress and objects of everyday life. The painters usually signed their work. This gives us a firm basis of the artists style or preferred subject matter. By studying which potters and painters worked together, specialists have been able to gather more information about the time period in which these artists worked. Using this information, researchers have been able to categorize the pots and learn of their cultural influences at the time. The Geometric period from 1000-700 BC began in the dark ages, depicting marine and plants of the Bronze Age. They were soon abandoned in favor of Geometric Patterns. These designs consisted of simple shapes such as zigzags and triangles. In the 9th and 8th century BC bands of decoration featuring animals and humans were added. As the Greeks increased their contact with foreigners, oriental motifs such as lotuses, palms, lions and monsters became common. This was known as the Orientaliz...

The Artwork Manicurated by Judi Werthein

The Artwork Manicurated by Judi Werthein Judi Werthein was born in 1967, in New York, Argentina. Werthein work of art includes designing of sneakers and manicure decals. In 2001, she launched a manicurated piece of work in a big Museum where she selected more than ten paintings to act as nail decals. She later employed professional manicurist to help her in offering services to the visitors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Artwork Manicurated by Judi Werthein specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of these services were offered for free and they attracted a large number of audience. Werthein became famous not only because of her professional nail decoration, but because, her museum created an environment where other artists could converge to discuss more about art that went far beyond social class, race, and age differences. Since the launching of the museum nail decals has become a significant constitute of the artwork. Other artists have joined the pro fession as a way of leisure and also to earn a living (The Balkans project 5). Werthein can be considered as one of the artists who have had a major impact in the modern artwork. She is not only interested in nail decals put also takes part in media. Her work is described as one that defies classification. She works in media by challenging issues on national identity, human rights, and economic impartiality. Her work is not only involved in contemporary art, but also other populations outside the world of art. Werthein manicurated work that was launched in 2001, in Bronx Museum formed a basis of her career in nail decals (Turvey, 2). She also realized that by inviting audiences from all races, ethnic ground and ages, she would promote peace and cooperation among the people living in Bronx. In 2006, Werthein was requested to design a project that would investigate the relationship that existed between Southern California, and Tijuana. Her project (which she named Brinco) attracted th e attention of the whole nation because of the compassion it created towards the illegal immigrants. At the same time, the nation was holding a nation debate to discuss the rights and obligation of all immigrants. Two years after her project received nation-wide recognition, Werthein was able to design sneakers that were distributed to all the people living in Tijuana and others were sold in some of the boutiques located in New York and California (Anon. â€Å"New York, Volume 35† 86). From her work, we see that Werthein was not only concerned about making money; she was ready to help those in need.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, BBC broadcasted news on a woman who was actually crying because she received a pair of shoes, something she had never had before. Werthein sneakers had American eagle embroidery indicating her royalty to her nation. They a lso had a flashlight, compass, and some painkillers to help people who were crossing at night (The Balkans project 8). Werthein derives motivation from other pieces of art by other artists, such as paintings, and drawings. Werthein sneakers were produced using some products that were imported from China as a way of emphasizing her support for global trade. These sneakers were also distributed in major countries such as China and Japan, and they attracted a wide audience because of their unique design. Being a female, Werthein, was determined to prove that, artwork can be pursued by anyone if only they have the passion for it. All her art products were designed for women to show them that, they too can make it if they want to. Werthein was born at the time when the role of the woman was believed to be in the kitchen. However, she was determined to fight against this perception and also to curb discrimination which was evident in almost all sectors. Anon. â€Å"New York, Volume 35.à ¢â‚¬  New York magazine Co., 2002. The Balkans project. â€Å"Words and art from the Balkans.† Balkans project, 2010. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Artwork Manicurated by Judi Werthein specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Turvey, Lisa. â€Å"Judi Werthein: Art in General.† Findarticles, 2007. Web.

Home Alone Quotes

Home Alone Quotes In the 1990 movie Home Alone, 8-year-old Kevin McCallister is accidentally left behind (via a series of unlikely events) while the rest of his family is on vacation in Europe for the Christmas holidays. Kevin believes the situation is due to his wish that his family would disappear, so (for some reason) does not seem alarmed, and doesnt contact the authorities. Unfortunately for Kevin, two bumbling robbers (played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern) are casing the neighborhood looking for homes whose occupants are away on vacation. They settle on Kevins house, but he prepares a series of booby traps to keep them from entering. Eventually, Kevins family returns and the bad guys get caught. The movie was a huge box-office success  and launched the acting career of child star Macauley Culkin, who played Kevin. It spawned four sequels, each increasingly more far-fetched (this family cant possibly abandon their child so frequently, after all).   Quotes From Home Alone Kevin: When I grow up and get married Im living alone! Did you hear me? Im living alone! Im living alone! Im living alone! Kevin: I made my family disappear. I made my family disappear! Kevin: Bless this highly nutritious microwavable macaroni and cheese dinner and the people who sold it on sale. Amen. Kevin: This is my house, I have to defend it. Kevin: Hey, Im not afraid anymore! I said Im not afraid anymore! Do you hear me? Im not afraid anymore! Kevin: You guys give up yet? Or are you thirsty for more? Kevin: Down here, you idiots! Come and get me before I call the police! Kevin: Will you please tell Santa that instead of presents this year, I just want my family back. Harry (first burglar): Merry Christmas, little fella! We know that youre in there and that youre all alone. Harry: You bomb me with one more can, kid, and Ill snap off your cajones and boil them in motor oil! Harry: Its too late for you, kid; were already in the house. Were gonna get ya! Marv (second burglar): Yeah, come on, kid, open up. Its Santa Claus... and his elf! Marv: Hes a kid. Kids are stupid. I know I was. Marley (Kevins elderly neighbor): You live down the street from me, right? You know anytime you see me you can always say hello, you dont have to be afraid. A lot of stuff has been said about me... none of its true. Kevin: No offense, arent you too old to be afraid?Marley: You can be too old for a lot of things, but youre never too old to be afraid. Kate McCallister (Kevins mother): This is Christmas, the season of perpetual hope. And I dont care if I have to get out on your runway and hitchhike. If it costs me everything I own, if I have to sell my soul to the devil himself, I am going to get home to my son. Kate McCallister: How could we do this? We forgot him.Peter McCallister (Kevins father): We didnt forget him, we just miscounted.Kate: What kind of a mother am I?Frank: If it makes you feel any better, I forgot my reading glasses.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Art - Essay Example The Last Judgment is a painting on fresco done by Michelangelo between 1536 and 1541. The painting is at the wall behind the altar at the Vatican Sistine chapel. The fresco is considered to be a breath taking and among Michelangelo’s last art works. In this art piece, Michelangelo depicts the end of the world and the imminent judgment. In this work, all the subjects are stripped naked; symbolizing the stripping of all earthly ranks, and they all appear equal before Christ (Burke 93). The whole painting radiates around Christ and the saved people can be seen rejoicing in light while the damned are being siphoned into the dark underworld. The painting was commissioned by Pope Paul III, who had a lot of faith in Michelangelo’s artistic proficiency. As a religious piece, the work was criticized for its use of nudity, but the Pope did not see any mishap. The painting was also not entirely relying on the bible as it would have been expected; it drew a lot of inspiration from mythological creatures like Charon, seen pulling unsaved subjects and judge Minos as a judge in the underworld (Burke 94). The subject matter of the whole piece is The Last Judgment, and it is depicted as an event where all people will be equal. The only thing that makes the difference is their earthly character, which would condemn them to the heavenly kingdom or to the underworld suffering. This is seen as the damned are crying as they are ferried by Charon towards the underworld where judge Minos is judging them (Burke 95). The saved people are seen rejoicing and happy before the lighted ring with Christ their savior welcoming them. The art piece includes many saints who have in their hands the weapons of their martyrdom that contrasts the actual scene of torture. An example is Saint Bartholomew who was skinned alive. As a martyred said, Bartholomew is seen holding his skin in his left hand and a knife in his right hand. The skin is believed to be a portrait of the artist, which is

Evaluation of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Using Chinese Dissertation

Evaluation of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Using Chinese Stock Market Data - Dissertation Example 23). It is worth noting that numerous empirical studies that have conducted in line with evaluating the model have proved to be in harmony with the CAPM principles; nonetheless, some of the similar evaluations have contradicted the model. Therefore, this paper aims at studying if the CAPM principles hold for the China Stock Exchange. Among other things to be included in the analysis, include: i. Whether higher beta results to higher expected returns ii. Whether the zero or average intercept is equal to risk free rate and the SML slope is equal to the average risk premium iii. Whether there is an existence of linearity between the expected returns and the stock beta. The monthly stock returns of some of the firms listed in the Chinese Stock Exchange are used in the analysis. The data was obtained from January 2009 to December 2012; hence, the analysis targets a period of four years. To test the CAPM principles in this stock market, the study will employ the use of approach methods con tributed for by Black, Jensen, and Scholes as per the year 1972; described as the time series test. Additionally, the study shall employ the use of the 1973 Fama and MacBeth cross sectional test. From the analysis of the Chinese Stock exchange data for the period of four year in line with the above methods, it is apparent that this duty did not hold up fully with the CAPM principles. ... Introduction Since the CAPM’s introduction, numerous efforts have since emerged to determine the validity of the principles of the CAPM model. These evaluation studies to determine the validity of the CAPM principles have led to a unique valuable contribution and breakthrough to the global financial economics. Despite these contributions, it is worth noting that some empirical studies to validate the same principles have since differed with application and validity of the CAPM principles and its application in the analysis of the world financial economics (Velasco, 2001; pg. 182). Nonetheless, other studies have proved to be in harmony with the same study. The differences in these studies depicts a significant stimulating factor to the study; hence, calling for a deep enhancement of the CAPM principles in line with evaluating the principles of the model using data from the Chinese Stock Exchange. 1.0.1. Brief Understanding of CAPM The significant contributions of the financial economics theory was realized in the 1960s when numerous researchers including William Sharpe used the Markowitz’s portfolio theory as his ground to develop price formation theory for the financial assets. This price formation theory is what emerged to be known as the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It is worth noting that the theory of the Markowitz’s portfolio analyzes the optimization of wealth invest in assets in variation to their risks and returns as well as providing the view on how the underlying risks can be reduced. The CAPM formation or foundation states that investors are in a position to choose to expose their businesses to a reasonable amount risk through a series of combined

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 60

Reflection - Essay Example By studying English 102, I managed to acquire outstanding skills essential in research. These encompass structuring my work into relevant and specific sections that will enable it understandable not only to me but also to those who may refer it in future. Being a law student, this experience coupled with varied skills that I have so far acquired will be extremely helpful throughout my academic life. This is especially in terms of research whereby in law one cannot in anyway manage to be both proficient and competent if he or she lacks strong research foundation. This is because he or she will have to consult varied already determined cases meant to convince and put forth certain aspects when arguing or trying to relay certain verdict (Albright & Putman 6). This encompasses skimming enormous chucks of information to get the right and viable data meant to support one’s argument. Since, this is what determines a competent law person. Besides competency and proficiency in research, I will also take away with me impeccable English. However, this is a journey whereby each day I have work on with intention of adequate improvement as well as acquiring new aspects. Similar to any phase of life that presents both easy and challenging periods, mine was no different. I realized that I was devoid of convincing power. Hence, not managing to relay my arguments coupled with supporting facts even if they seem unrealistic. This prompted me opting to be silent in some situations especially when I was very new but have improved whereby in future I will be an excellent debater. What I have acquired throughout this process was that, each trait or proficiency one intends to have entails hard work coupled with sheer resolution to keep on improving daily. Therefore, suppose I had to take this class for the second time, I will not opt to remain silent as I did

Understanding the Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding the Concepts - Assignment Example Understanding the Concepts Quick ratios are the other important ratios for the small business, where the current assets of a business entity, with an exception of the inventories, are compared to the current liabilities to determine how best the business is placed in meeting its current cash payment obligations. Profitability ratios are also vital for a small business, since they help the business determine how much profits it has generated within a specified period of business operation (Bangs, 1992). In so doing, the business understands its performance, ranging from the effectiveness of its operations to how well the business is placed to compete with other businesses of its nature, serving the same market segment. Through the creation of such insights, developed from the analysis of financial ratios, a business makes suitable, tactical and strategic decisions that help it thrive in the market while improving on its operations effectiveness; customer needs satisfaction and profitability (Horcher, 2005). These ratios compares with those applied by large corporations in that, the same ratios are applied by the large corporations for the same reasons, as are for the small businesses. Thus, such ratios are equally important to the managers of large corporations, as they are to the owner managers of small businesses. However, some financial ratios are more appropriate to aid the process of making decisions in large corporations. Such ratios, which are more useful to the managers of large business entities include the debt to asset ratios, which compares the debts that an organization has, to the assets owned by the organization, thus determining how well the organization is placed to meet its debt obligations (Bangs, 1992). Return on asset ratios are the other important ratios for the large corporations. These ratios analyses how the assets of the organization has been generating returns. Such ratios, which are more appropriate for the large corporations, differs from those most suitable for small businesses in that, the financial ratios for larger organizations mostly deals with the assets and the debts owed by the entity, as most of the large organizations owns many assets as well as debt obligations. This is in contrast to the small businesses, which owns fewer assets, and which are mostly financed from the pockets of the owners, making such ratios not very vital for such businesses (Horcher, 2005). Debt financing is mostly applied by business owners who do not have sufficient finances to establish or to finance the operations of their business, yet they prefer to have total control of their business, at the expense of inviting investors into their business, who will take some control. There are various advantages associated with this type of business financing. First, the owner of the business retains the full control of the business, while obtaining the required financing to run the operations of the business (Bangs, 1992). Therefore, the owner of the business reserves the whole privilege of making the business decisions to himself. The other advantage associated with debt financing is the fact that the interest paid by the owner of

Retail Management and Merchandising Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Management and Merchandising - Term Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the growth of online retailing is observed everywhere in the world, the global eCommerce environment is highly diverse as different countries and regions are at various stages of online retail maturity. In the developed countries, the online retail sales account for 5% to 15% of the total retail business. In South Korea, this share is almost as high as 13%. On the other hand, the share of eCommerce in the retail sector in the developing countries is much lower than the developed countries due to low penetration of internet and huge contrast in the income between the high-income classes and the middle and low incomes classes. Though there is a significant difference in the online retailing between the developed and the developing countries, the gap is predicted to be shortened due to huge growth potential observed in the emerging economies. For example, though the U.S. has been projected to lead the world in retail business the till 2017, China will occupy the second place. In the 1970s, the retail distribution system was very much different from where it stands in the recent times. In those days, only the suppliers and the shops existed in the retail market. This indicates that the suppliers directly supply its products to sell in the shops. Later in the 1980s, centralization was introduced in the retail system. A retail distribution center was established in order to facilitate interaction between the producers and the shops. In the 1990s, most of the economies were economically liberalized and international trade was introduced. Goods were imported from another country which first arrived at the retail import center and then reaches the central distribution center and finally gets distributed among the shops. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, eCommerce entered the retail industry and as a result involved the parcel network in the sector.

The World of the Text of Ezekiel Creates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The World of the Text of Ezekiel Creates - Essay Example ve to pay particular heed to all the essentialities while interpreting the Biblical text.2 The present study aims to make interpretation of the Book of Ezekiel by allocating special consideration to chapters 37 and 38. The above-stated chapters of the Book of Ezekiel tend to make prophecies about the future events to be taken place in the collective life of the House of Jacob.3 Chapter 37 begins with Ezekiel’s describing the Hand of the Lord4 taking him to some valley full of dead and dry bones everywhere. The Hand of the Lord signifies the powers of Almighty God; the same has also been mentioned in many places in the Bible, as the Lord has stated: â€Å"For My hand made all these things, Thus all these things came into being," declares the LORD. "But to this one I will look, To him who is humble and contrite of spirit, and who trembles at My word.5 In both of the above verses, the Hand of God represents the supreme omnipotence of the Lord. It is partly because of the very fact that hands signify the labor or toil made by almost all living creatures to achieve something constructive as well as for the fulfillment of one’s needs and desires. As a result, the description of the Hand of God reflects the acts performed by God by applying His countless powers. The verses of chapter 37 of the Book of Ezekiel further narrates that the Lord enquired from Ezekiel whether the dead bones could become full of life again after death; where Ezekiel maintained that only the Lord is all-Knowing, while he did not have enough knowledge about various things including reincarnation.7 At this, Ezekiel found the Lord addressing to the dry bones of the dead people, where He maintained that He would infuse life into the sinews and bones of the dead people.8 The verse mirrors the supremacy and authority attributed to the Creator of heavens and the earth, Who once had created the entire universe9, and countless creatures as well as all humans out of the absolute chaos.10 It is

Retail Management and Merchandising Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Management and Merchandising - Term Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the growth of online retailing is observed everywhere in the world, the global eCommerce environment is highly diverse as different countries and regions are at various stages of online retail maturity. In the developed countries, the online retail sales account for 5% to 15% of the total retail business. In South Korea, this share is almost as high as 13%. On the other hand, the share of eCommerce in the retail sector in the developing countries is much lower than the developed countries due to low penetration of internet and huge contrast in the income between the high-income classes and the middle and low incomes classes. Though there is a significant difference in the online retailing between the developed and the developing countries, the gap is predicted to be shortened due to huge growth potential observed in the emerging economies. For example, though the U.S. has been projected to lead the world in retail business the till 2017, China will occupy the second place. In the 1970s, the retail distribution system was very much different from where it stands in the recent times. In those days, only the suppliers and the shops existed in the retail market. This indicates that the suppliers directly supply its products to sell in the shops. Later in the 1980s, centralization was introduced in the retail system. A retail distribution center was established in order to facilitate interaction between the producers and the shops. In the 1990s, most of the economies were economically liberalized and international trade was introduced. Goods were imported from another country which first arrived at the retail import center and then reaches the central distribution center and finally gets distributed among the shops. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, eCommerce entered the retail industry and as a result involved the parcel network in the sector.

Male Serial Killer Essay Example for Free

Male Serial Killer Essay Serial killing definition has posed some difficult fundamental complications because it encompasses varied forms and it results from many different mental states. Serial murder is defined as the â€Å"unlawful† repetitive killing of many victims over a long period of time by an individual or, (rarely) by a group of individuals. The relationship between the offender and the victim is that of slight acquaintance or of a stranger typology. It also involves the motivation and motive to kill but apparent motives usually are shrouded and not really lacking as has been misconceived in some instances. It is very rare to find these kinds of killers doing it for money. It is mainly for sexual satisfaction, dominance to achieve their ‘world’, and for pure thrill (Koscis, 2007, p. 16). There has been much research is aimed at asserting the most concise psychological profile of serial murderers. Many theories have been brought about but from the varied declarations of different serial murderers, much effort is needed to come up with a consensus as to what is the driving force behind serial murder. Early murderers like Gilles Blithely for example, declared that he tortured his victims entirely for his personal pleasure, physical delight, and that he didn’t do it for any other end or intention. On his part, he was quite bold in getting his victims in the sense that he would even send his servants to haul his victims to his castle as though it was his right to harvest the peasant population as he wished. Gilles was a renowned military hero and a monstrous aristocrat. He gave a precociously modern excuse to his behavior- he directed the blame on his parents, who though they didn’t abuse him physically, their amoral attitudes made him a hapless victim to the crime (Odell, 2006, p. 22). Apsche has postulated a more specific serial killer profile white states that most serial killers are white males who are usually in their twenties or thirties. They often target strangers around their homes and/or their places of work. According to Eric Hickey, the criminologist who has collected an extensive serial murder demography database, states that males comprise 88% of the serial murderers, Caucasians 85% and that the average age of the first victim claim is approximately 28. 5 years. 62% of the killers exclusively target strangers while another 22% will kill at least one stranger. Furthermore, Apsche indicates that 71% of all the killers will carry out their operations within a specific area/location and will not frequently travel widely to find their victims (Godwin, Rosen, 2005, p. 13). The F. B. I has also come up with a definition of serial killers. The opinion given is that one needs to have committed at least three different murders spaced by a period of time that can be some few days or even several years. This murder spacing duration is what has been referred to as the ‘cooling off’ period. However, the fact that every serial killer applies a trade mark method of killing the victim should also be put into consideration for an individual to qualify as a serial killer. Wayne Gacy for example would always gaggle his victims using their own underpants to make sure they died of their own vomit. The past of every serial killer is very important in order to discover what makes them function as they do. Substantial evidence from varied and many cases prove that almost all serial killers had dysfunctional backgrounds in one way or another. This could have involved: alcoholism and drugs along with their related problems, physical or sexual abuse among others. There are other more universal traits even though they are usually varied in magnitude. Some of these are bipolar mode disorders, disorganized, or disoriented thinking, personal failure feelings resented to the society and social structures, poor socialization, sexual frustrations, and over possessive parents. Others may also be as a result of wild imaginations which that sometimes drag the serial killer to a fantasy mental world. The major and most frequent among the childhood behavioral development characteristics are isolation, very compulsive masturbation, and day dreaming (Godwin, 2008, p. 35). General fantasy is usually brought about by a day dreaming imagination which is over productive. This makes the serial killer attempt to live in this world as a protection from the real world isolation that he has encountered. If children are left alone for long periods with little or no attention at all being given to them, they tend to convert their minds into objects that will serve as the only company. The day dreaming factor then comes in handy especially when they develop inadequacy feelings due to the isolation they have experienced. Additionally, the feelings are often masked a myriad of apparent successes although they are more deep seated than the artificial expressions of neurotic goodness. These early childhood life attachments are referred to as â€Å"bonding†. They are the ones which are attributed to how the affected individual will react to others in later life. Proper interaction with others in society therefore is not learned by the child who sees others as mirror images that reflect their isolators (Godwin, 2008, p. 39). There is much recent research which has been done concerning the antisocial personality disorder’s (ASPD) etiology and which has primarily been focused on environmental risk factors identification. Many other recent studies have considered biological and genetic influences as they interact with the environment. It has however, been proved a little bit difficult to distinguish between the factors as either environmental or biological mainly because it is not possible to eliminate their interaction. Nevertheless, there have been admirable advances in these studies particularly in the identification of the environmental and biological ASPD indicators. Moreover, there is much limitation in distinguishing between psychopathy from ASPD and research will usually find consistent and similar risk factors that are common in both psychopathy and ASPD. On the same note, examination of the personality, behavioral and historical characteristics’ heterogeneity has greatly failed as they have been represented by serial killer populations. Identification of risk factors that could lead to violent and antisocial behavior is necessary and of paramount importance as it help in predicting individuals who are highly susceptible to committing these violent and antisocial crimes. This is particularly important in that it would aid the creation of effective treatment and intervention programs for these persons, even though violent offenders’ treatment programs often do not yield the desired results. In profiling the serial killers, mothers continually get a lion’s share of the blame as concerns the causes of serial killing. In studying early childhood behaviors of serial killers, it is found that they had usually been described as â€Å"a little off child† by their parents or were abandoned, or worse still were compelled to loneliness due to a myriad of reasons. As children, fledgling serial killers had common characteristics such as; they would often wet their beds, set fires, and torture animals. These are red flag characteristics or behaviors which are referred to as the triad of symptoms. Additionally, there are other historical factors of serial killers which include; trauma, head injury, abuse, antisocial behavior, insecure attachments, low or minimal arousal degrees, and abandonment or loss of a caretaker or a parent (Kamir, 2001, p. 51). Prime examples of these serial killers are Ed Gein, Gary Ridgeway, and john Wayne Gacy all of whom had been verbally and physically abused by parents. They also had endured forms of trauma and head injuries. In his early childhood, Ted Bundy thought that his mother was his older sister as he grew up and that his parents were his real parents. Jeffrey Dahma’s mother was mentally ill and ingested a lot of drugs while carrying Jeffrey’s pregnancy. Many other differentiated cases are recorded. In many serial killers’ history, the most disturbing, and common factor is their unnatural and unusual relationships they had with their mothers. These often include sadistic and sexual elements which could be inappropriate or exposure as children to their mothers’ sexuality and sexual activities. Others were significantly dressed as girls or were subjected by their mothers to sadistic sexual behaviors. These factors later made them develop some maternal uncanny characteristics such that some killed women and regarded them as â€Å"sluts and wholes†, from the impact of their mothers relationships. It is also very crucial to study the victimology or the overall victim’s history in making psychological profiles of serial killers. This is from the perspective that when the reasons for a person becoming the victim of serial killing are identified, then it follows that the motive behind the killing will be unearthed. The victim’s risk, personality, history, and physical characteristics all form a fundamental basis for homicide investigations as well as crime scene evaluation. Cumulative research has shown that victims will mostly consist of vulnerable persons such as adolescents, children, females, the elderly, runaways, and prostitutes. Victimology can thus assist in linking separate violent crimes that were committed by a single offender and therefore become one among the most important solving and classification tools of violent crimes (Kamir, 2001, p. 58). Victimology has particularly served a valuable tool in an attempt to identify and capture serial killers because the victim is usually a stranger to the crime perpetrator. For example, Gary’s victims were mostly prostitutes, and John Wayne Gacy’s victims were mainly adolescent boys whom he lured to his home with the promise that he would pay them. Ted Bundy on his part would fake injury to attract college-aged, kind-hearted women to his car, and almost all of them had long hair. Jeffrey Dahmer would promise to pay his victims if they allowed him to photograph them. It is however, difficult to apply victimology, both in identifying the serial killer or the next possible victim, particularly when victim characteristics considerably vary. This is the reason why investigators will rely on other crime aspects at the scene of crime in their attempt to profile and apprehend the serial killers. Modus Operandi (MO) refers to the actions that the offender undertook while perpetrating the crime. It must be a learned behavior which is developed over time from use and past success. This will continually evolve as it keeps on being modified depending on previous experiences with victims. For example, Wayne and Dahmer were previously arrested after being convicted for teenage boys’ assault and served sometime in prison. From then onwards, they made sure that they always killed their victims to eliminate any possible witnesses in future. Another example of how modus operandi evolves for serial killers was during the time serial killer Dennis Rader encountered victim Kathryn and her brother Kevin after waiting for her in her house without expecting her to have company. He hadn’t carried his â€Å"tool kit† with him and this cost him some embarrassment which he swore to have let happen again. He promised himself he would never again leave it behind as he went on his ‘hunting’ sprees (Odell, 2006, p. 26). Another aspect that is used in profiling serial killers is the signature factor which is also called the calling card. This is the unique, ritual, or personal expression that is demonstrated by the offender during crime commission. This is always based on the fantasies of the offender and an offender’s personality will always be left behind every time a signature is left. It is different from modus operandi since it represents a conduct that is far much beyond the necessary criminal commission behaviors. By leaving a signature, the serial killer aspires to gain satisfaction from the crime he has committed as driven by his fantasies. Another difference between modus operandi and the signature or the calling card is that the signature is a constant aspect but the MO may keep on evolving. It is possible, however, that a signature aspect may increase in intensity. Gary numerously revisited his victims’ bodies after dumping them to increasingly reengage in necrophilia sexual activities with them and hence reliving his crimes. Dennis Rader on his part would perennially taunt the police by writing them sexually explicit letters that described his crimes as well as where the bodies of his most recent victims could be found. These letters were all signed BTK as an authenticating certificate of his crimes. Along with the signature aspect, MO, and victimology, the organized/disorganized serial killers’ classification is an extremely important tool in serial killers profiling. The hypothesis is that organized serial killers will commit the crime after they have been subjected to stressful and precipitating events. They are also expected to be persons of average intelligence and who are usually socially competent. In most instances, these serial killers plan their offenses and apply restraints on their victims. Furthermore, they take from their victims some souvenirs or trophies which are mainly little extrinsic value items which they use to for later fantasy stimulation. They precisely go to the crime scene with a weapon which is intended to be used in committing the crime and which they carry with them after crime commission (Koscis, 2007, p. 40). Disorganized serial killers on the other hand are those who are hypothesized as opportunistic killers. They minimally restrain their victims and they may leave such things as semen, blood, murder weapon, blood and other items on the scene of crime. They will also openly display their victim’s bodies and their intelligence is always below average. They are also thought as socially incompetent persons. There is also a third category which is called mixed offender typology and which consists of both the disorganized and organized characteristics. This happens during situations where more than one offender is involved or when there is involvement of alcoholism and drugs. A crime may also be referred as mixed if the offender inexperienced or very young as well as if the crime had been planned but in the process of committing it some unexpected occurrences interfered (Godwin, Rosen, 2005, p. 20). Serial profiling however, encounters many similarities as well as differences and it therefore calls for concerted efforts to be able to pin the offender. This is more so because most of the evidence provided usually relies on the serial killers confessions which may disoriented or far fetched than is the real truth. Furthermore, it is paramount to address the issue of the exact relationship between psychopathy and serial murderers for more scientific conclusions to be deducted. Reference Godwin Grove (2008) Hunting Serial Predators: A Multivariate Classification Approach to Profiling Violent Behavior. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, pp. 35, 39 Godwin Grover Rosen Fred (2005) Tracker: Hunting Down Serial Killers. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, pp. 13, 20 Kamir Orit (2001) Every Breath You Take: Stalking Narratives and the Law. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 51, 58 Koscis Richard (2007). Serial Murder and the Psychology of Violent Crimes: An International Perspective. New York: Humana Press, pp. 16, 40 Odell Robin (2006) Ripperology: A Study of the World’s First Serial Killer and a Literary Phenomenon. New York: Kent State University, pp. 22, 26

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model Theories into sentence processing can be viewed from two main accounts; a modular account or an interactive account. Garden path model proposed by Fraizer and Rayner (1982) supports the modular account, arguing sentence processing involves the analysis of each individual unit or module of a sentence, with little or no feedback, thus inhibiting correction. Whereas an interactive account supported by the constraint based theory, (McDonald, 1994) argues sentence processing involves immediate incorporation of all available information in creation of the final output. This essay will explore principles of both Garden Path Model and Constraint Based Theory of sentence processing, highlighting their similarities and differences as well as major strengths and weaknesses associated with both models. This essay will continuously compare and contrast both models on issues such as; minimal attachment and late closure, reanalysis, sentence length, contextual properties, working memory capacities and evidence from event related potentials in an attempt to answer the question in focus. The Garden path model proposed by Frazier and Rayner (1982), argues readers only consider initially one syntactic structure for any given sentence and meaning is not involved in the selection of preliminary syntactical meaning. Thus, readers and listeners can be misled by ambiguous sentences (i.e. garden path sentences). Whereas Constraint based theory proposed by MacDonald (1994), argues all relevant information is available immediately to the parser during reading and listening. The incoming information is analysed and all possible constraints or outputs are activated and ranked according to the strength of the subsequent activation. The syntactic structure receiving the most support from the constraints will be highly activated and thus chosen. In essence, activated constraints are in competition with one another and when two constraints are equally activated ambiguity arise. These two theories propose conflicting, basic ideologies; Garden Path model argues only one syntactic stru cture is initially considered and meaning is not involved in selection of syntactic meaning, whereas, constraint based theory argues all relevant information is used and several syntactical meanings are initially considered before the most appropriate is selected. Frazier and Rayners Garden Path Model proposes that listeners and readers chose the simplest syntactical structure by implementing two general principles; minimal attachment and late closure. The principle of minimal attachment states the grammatical structure producing the fewest nodes is preferred. Rayner and Pollatsek (1989) provided partial experimental support for minimal attachment. They used the sentences; The girl knew the answer by heart and The girl knew the answer was wrong. Rayner and Pollatsek observed the principle of minimal attachment led to a grammatical structure in which the answer is regarded as the direct object of the verb knew, this is appropriate for the first sentence but leads to ambiguity in the second sentence. Therefore it can be argued the principle of minimal attachment may not work for all sentences, highlighting a weakness. Altmann et al (1998), argue all possible meanings of a sentence are considered during, and at the end of a sentence and principle s of minimal attachment are inadequate in sentence processing, thus supporting the constraint based theory. Frazier and Rayner (1982) argue minimal attachment and late closer attempt to reduce pressure on working memory during sentence processing, making it less economically taxing, a strength of this theory. They recorded participants eye movements whist they read sentences like; since Jay always jogs a mile seems like a short distance. If readers construct both or all possible syntactic structures, there should be additional processing time at the point of disambiguation. Eye movement data provided support for the predictions of the garden path model. These finding are in opposition with the Constraint based theory that argues several constraints are activated before the output is chosen, thus making this method of sentence processing more taxing than the Garden Path model in which no interpretation is considered until the end of sentences (Clifton, 1993). Fodor and Inoue (2000) a rgue the parser works on the method of minimal processing and will do the minimum amount of analysis possible, supporting the Garden Path Model. Minimal attachment is argued to be universal to all languages (Frazier and Rayner (1982). However several studies contradict this argument. Cueto and Mitchell (1988), Carreiras and Clifton (1993, 1999) and Traxler et al (1998) found a low attachment preference within the English language but found a high attachment preference within the Spanish language. Thus meaning minimal attachment would not be applicable in the Spanish language. Thus conflicting the assumptions of the Garden Path Model. Mitchell et al (1995) argued attachment preferences may be different between languages due to the fact that in some languages, high relative clause attachment is most frequent, whereas in other languages such as English, low clause attachment is most frequent. As a result of these findings, cross-linguistic differences in clause attachments present a pr oblem for the Garden Path Model as the principles of minimal attachment and late closure assume a universal preference for low attachment. Highlighting a weakness The principle of late closer proposes new words encountered in sentences are attached to the current phrase or clause if grammatically permissible. This principle conflicts assumptions of the constraint based theory as meaning is assigned as new words are attached rather than when all information is available. Alternatively supporting the Constraint based theory Carreiras and Clifton (1993) provided evidence that readers do not follow the principle of late closure. They presented participants with sentences such as The spy that shot the daughter of the colonel who was standing on the balcony. According to late closure, readers or listeners should perceive this sentence as meaning the colonel, rather than the daughter, was standing on the balcony, however this was not observed. Principles of minimal attachment and late closure within the garden path model determine peoples initial analysis of sentences, however if initial analysis is inconsistent due to ambiguous sentences, a process of reanalysis must occur (Frazier and Rayner 1982). Reanalysis occurs when initial analysis is inconsistent with later information encountered. According to VanGompel and Pickering (1999) within the constraint based theory all possible analyses are activated with most appropriate being selected, thus meaning reanalysis does not take place. According to MacDonalds (1994) constraint based theory, processing difficulty only arises when two or more constraints have approximately equal activation resulting in competition. Constraints at the beginning of the sentence strongly activate one analysis but, disambiguating information encountered later on activates an alternative analysis, both possible analyses having equal activation competition results. This disambiguating information i ncreases time taken for the incorrect analysis to be inhibited and results in processing difficulties, a weakness of this theory. Ferreira and Henderson (1991) argued the further the head noun is from the point of disambiguation, the stronger readers or listeners will commit to a thematic analysis, thus making reanalysis more difficult. Another conflicting argument to Frazier and Rayners reanalysis principle was put forward by Sturt et al (2002) who showed that during reanalysis, attachment to a recent phrase is preferred to attachment to a more distant phrase, arguing reanalysis and reattachment of more distant phrases are more costly. However reanalysis does not always occur when disambiguation is encountered, highlighting a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) argued people do not always successfully discard their initial analysis after syntactic disambiguation is experienced, which is in contrast to most models of reanalysis and the garden path model. Participants read the sentence; while Anna dressed the baby that was small and cute spit up on the bed. Participants correctly identified who spat up on the bed, suggesting they had correctly analysed the baby as the subject of spit up. When asked if Anna dressed the baby, most participants answered yes. This finding led Christianson et al to conclude that readers adopted the baby as the subject, whilst maintaining the incorrect analysis where the baby was the object of the preceding verb dressed. Findings from this study provide arguments in contray to principles of successful reanalysis. Sentence length can have an influence in the process of reanalysis, but it has also been argued that sentence length can have an effect on overall initial processing of sentences prior to any reanalysis. Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001) argued longer phrases are harder to process and using minimal attachment more errors are likely to be made, showing a weakness of this theory. It has been found that disfluencies (including filled and silent pauses) lengthen sentences and make them harder to process. Bailey and Ferreira (2003) investigated the effects of sentence disfluencies, observing that disfluencies allowed parsers to linger on the initial parse and commit to an incorrect interpretation via minimal attachment and late closer, indicating a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) support this argument, concluding; the longer a parser lingers on an incorrect parse, the more likely they are to maintain an incorrect interpretation. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) investigated the effects of disfluencies on garden path processing. They found disfluencies resulted in more incorrect interpretations, suggesting sentence processing is not an all or none process, therefore discrediting the constraint based theory. Effective contextual properties have been found to provide supportive evidence for the constraint based theory. Spivey et al (2002) looked at eye movements in response to auditory garden path sentences within the context of visual arrays. They asked participants to put the apple on the towel in the box. They recorded participants eye movements to assess how the sentence was interpreted. According to the garden path model on the towel should initially be understood as the place where the apple should be put because it is the simplest syntactical structure. In the absence of visual context this is what was found. When the visual context consisted of two apples, one on a towel and the other on a napkin, participants rapidly interpreted on the towel as a way of identifying which apple was to be moved. Results show that visual contexts reduce ambiguity and prevent garden path effects. Event related potentials (ERP) have provided influential evidence in sentence processing. ERPs measure brain responses as the direct result of thought or perception. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) established an ERP of N400 following perception of semantic anomalies. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) found a syntactic anomaly produced an ERP of P600, As syntactic analysis only is involved in the garden path model, observing an ERP of P600 would indicate this model of processing. Osterhout, Holcomb and Swinney (1994) suggested that P600 is the marker of a garden path effect. However Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) found that fluent garden path sentences resulted in P600 but garden path sentence containing a filled or silent pause activated an ERP of N400, this would suggest that these sentences are perceived as having a semantic anomaly which would discredit the garden path model of processing which claims semantic analysis is not involved in initial sentence analysis. P600 has been hypothesi sed to indicate memory updating and processes of reanalysis (Friederia 2001 and Frisch et al 2002), therefore being unique to the garden path model. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) have found a sentence containing both semantic and syntactic violations activate an ERP of both N400 and P600, suggesting semantic and syntactic processing work independently, supporting the garden path model rather than the constraint based theory. In conclusion the garden path model and the constraint based theory of sentence processing argue fairly conflicting ideologies, thus making these models very different. The garden path model argues the principles of minimal attachment and late closure, which is in contrast to the constraint based theory. The constraint based theory argues all possible interpretations of sentences are activated with the most appropriate being selected, arguing the absence of reanalysis; again this is in contrast to the garden path model. The garden path model only initially considers syntactical information whereas constraint based theory considers all available information but is very taxing on working memory. Both models have been shown to have many strengths and weaknesses. In relation to the title question it has been shown that both models offer reasonably contrasting arguments of sentence processing and no sole conclusive model of sentence processing has yet been established. Word Length= 2013 Bailey and Ferreira (2003) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Carreiras and Clifton (1993). In Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Christianson et al (2001) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291-292). Oxford: University Press. Christianson et al (2001) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Clifton et al (2003) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 290). Oxford: University Press. Cueto and Mitchell (1988), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293-294). Oxford: University Press. Datta et al (2004) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001), Misinterpretations of Garden-Path Sentences: Implications for Models of Sentence Processing and Reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol 10, No.1, pp3-18. Ferreira and Clifton (1986) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289). Oxford: University Press. Ferreira and Clifton (1986). InEysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361-364. Ferreira and Henderson (1991) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291). Oxford: University Press. Fodor and Inoue (2000), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Frazier and Rayner (1982), cited in Gazzaniga, M.,S,, Ivry, R,B and Mangun, G.,R. Cognitive Neuroscience. The biology of the Mind. (first edition) Norton and Company. New York and London. Pp. 300-301. Frazier and Rayner (1982) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289-307). Oxford: University Press. Frazier and Rayner (1982), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. Astudents Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Friederia (2001), in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Frisch et al (2002) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Frisch, Schlesewsky, Saddy and Alpermann (2002). in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Harley, T (Second Edition). The Psychology of Language. From Data to Theory. Hove:Psychology Press. Hills and Murray (2000).Iin Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Kolk et al (2003), in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Lau, E and Ferreir, F. Lingering Effects of Disfluent Material on Comprehension of Garden Path Sentences. Language and Cognitive Processes. 2005 Vol 20 (5), 633-666. MacDonald (1994), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 364. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. McRae et al (1998), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293). Oxford: University Press. Mitchell et al (1995), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293-294). Oxford: University Press. Osterhout, Holcomb and Swinney (1994). In Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Osterhout (1997) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Osterhout and Nicol (1999), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 36362-363. Rayner, Garrod and Perfetti (1992), in Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001), Misinterpretations of Garden-Path Sentences: Implications for Models of Sentence Processing and Reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol 10, No.1, pp3-18. Rayner and Pollatsek (1989) cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Spivey, Tanenhaus, Eberhard and Sedivy (2002) cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Spivey, Tanenhaus, Eberhard and Sedivy (1995), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Sturt et al (2002) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291). Oxford: University Press. Traxler et al (1998). cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361 .Trueswekk, Tanehaus and Garnsey (1994). In Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 362. VanGompel, R and Pickering, M. ( ) Syntactic Parsing. In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289-307). Oxford: University Press. VanGompel (2006) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 292). Oxford: University Press. Van Gompel, Sentenct Processing, in Brown et al (2006), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. (second edition) Oxford: Elsevier.

Internal and External Violence Essay examples -- Violent Violence Inte

Internal and External Violence Specific time periods, such as World War II, and the Post-Civil War era bring to mind images of hate, death, and violence. Not solely external violence or violence that is carried out, such as murders, war, or blatant displays of violence such as those in Ellison’s Battle Royal, but internal violence as well. Internal violence is more about the mind, a violence of emotion, though internal violence is closely linked to external violence. They are linked not only because external violence causes internal violence, but also because of the reverse. This is seen in the works of Ellison, Borowski, O’Connor, and DeLillo. In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† O’Connor shows the effects of internal violence compared to external violence. On one hand you have the family members that are brought off to be killed. The only thing the author lets the reader know about their fate is a solitary scream when the mother, daughter, and baby are taken away. However, for the entire time that the family is being held hostage, the grandmother is talking to The Misfit. She shows how people react to the internal violence of a stressful, and fatal ordeal. She pleads with The Misfit not to save her grandchildren’s lives, not her son and daughter-in-law’s lives, but only her own. She has no fear for anyone but herself and is consumed by the need to preserve her life. She tries everything she can to get The Misfit to spare her. She tries to convince him that he is of good blood, and could never kill a lady such as her self. She even tries to get him to turn to God for help. Of course none of this works but it makes a point. It makes the point that when faced with the fear of external violence, people will do any... ...iolence is about. Its about fear, and helplessness because you realize that you too can die, and there is nothing you can do about it. Every day you can watch the news and see examples of violence. Its all over, and everyone has seen it. It seems that at least every few months there is another high school shooting where a teen rages against the society they live in the only way they know how, through violence, both internal and external. Internal because of the way they change the lives of those who live through the ordeal, and have the rest of their lives to think about how they saw their best friend get shot in school one day. External violence is directly related to internal violence because extreme violence, in person, scares people. Works Cited Charters, Ann, Comp. The Story And It’s Writer. Bedford/St. Martins: Boston and New York, 1999.